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@c
@c Written by Eric Norum
@c
@c COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-1998.
@c On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
@c All rights reserved.
@c
@c $Id$
@c
@chapter Networking Driver
@section Introduction
This chapter is intended to provide an introduction to the
procedure for writing RTEMS network device drivers.
The example code is taken from the `Generic 68360' network device
driver. The source code for this driver is located in the
@code{c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/network} directory in the RTEMS
source code distribution. You should have a copy of this driver at
hand when reading the following notes.
@section Learn about the network device
Before starting to write the network driver you need to be completely
familiar with the programmer's view of the device.
The following points list some of the details of the
device that must be understood before a driver can be written.
@itemize @bullet
@item Does the device use DMA to transfer packets to and from
memory or does the processor have to
copy packets to and from memory on the device?
@item If the device uses DMA, is it capable of forming a single
outtoing packet from multiple fragments scattered in separate
memory buffers?
@item If the device uses DMA, is it capable of chaining multiple
outgoing packets, or does each outgoing packet require
intervention by the driver?
@item Does the device automatically pad short frames to the minimum
64 bytes or does the driver have to supply the padding?
@item Does the device automatically retry a transmission on detection
of a collision?
@item If the device uses DMA, is it capable of buffering multiple
packets to memory, or does the receiver have to be restarted
after the arrival of each packet?
@item How are packets that are too short, too long, or received with
CRC errors handled? Does the device automatically continue
reception or does the driver have to intervene?
@item How is the device Ethernet address set? How is the device
programmed to accept or reject broadcast and multicast packets?
@item What interrupts does the device generate? Does it generate an
interrupt for each incoming packet, or only for packets received
without error? Does it generate an interrupt for each packet
transmitted, or only when the transmit queue is empty? What
happens when a transmit error is detected?
@end itemize
In addition, some controllers have specific questions regarding
board specific configuration. For example, the SONIC Ethernet
controller has a very configurable data bus interface. It can
even be configured for sixteen and thirty-two bit data buses. This
type of information should be obtained from the board vendor.
@section Understand the network scheduling conventions
When writing code for your driver transmit and receive tasks you must
take care to follow the network scheduling conventions. All tasks
which are associated with networking share various
data structures and resources. To ensure the consistency
of these structures the tasks
execute only when they hold the network semaphore (@code{rtems_bsdnet_semaphore}).
Your transmit and receive tasks must abide by this protocol which means you must
be careful to avoid `deadly embraces' with the other network tasks.
A number of routines are provided to make it easier for your code
to conform to the network task scheduling conventions.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{void rtems_bsdnet_semaphore_release(void)}
This function releases the network semaphore.
Your task must call this function immediately before
making any blocking RTEMS request.
@item @code{void rtems_bsdnet_semaphore_obtain(void)}
This function obtains the network semaphore.
If your task has released the network semaphore to allow other
network-related tasks to run while your task blocks you must call this
function to reobtain the semaphore immediately after the return from the
blocking RTEMS request.
@item @code{rtems_bsdnet_event_receive(rtems_event_set, rtems_option, rtems_interval, rtems_event_set *)}
Your task should call this function when it wishes to wait for an event.
This function releases the network semaphore,
calls @code{rtems_event_receive} to wait for the specified event
or events and reobtains the semaphore.
The value returned is the value returned by the @code{rtems_event_receive}.
@end itemize
@section Write your driver attach function
The driver attach function is responsible for configuring the driver
and making the connection between the network stack
and the driver.
Driver attach functions take a pointer to an
@code{rtems_bsdnet_ifconfig} structure as their only argument.
and set the driver parameters based on the
values in this structure. If an entry in the configuration
structure is zero the attach function chooses an
appropriate default value for that parameter.
The driver should then set up several fields in the ifnet structure
in the device-dependent data structure supplied and maintained by the driver:
@table @code
@item ifp->if_softc
Pointer to the device-dependent data. The first entry
in the device-dependent data structure must be an @code{arpcom}
structure.
@item ifp->if_name
The name of the device. The network stack uses this string
and the device number for device name lookups. The name should not
contain digits as these will be assumed to be part of the unit number
and not part of the device name.
@item ifp->if_unit
The device number. The network stack uses this number and the
device name for device name lookups. For example, if
@code{ifp->if_name} is @samp{scc}, and @code{ifp->if_unit} is @samp{1},
the full device name would be @samp{scc1}.
@item ifp->if_mtu
The maximum transmission unit for the device. For Ethernet
devices this value should almost always be 1500.
@item ifp->if_flags
The device flags. Ethernet devices should set the flags
to @code{IFF_BROADCAST|IFF_SIMPLEX}, indicating that the
device can broadcast packets to multiple destinations
and does not receive and transmit at the same time.
@item ifp->if_snd.ifq_maxlen
The maximum length of the queue of packets waiting to be
sent to the driver. This is normally set to @code{ifqmaxlen}.
@item ifp->if_init
The address of the driver initialization function.
@item ifp->if_start
The address of the driver start function.
@item ifp->if_ioctl
The address of the driver ioctl function.
@item ifp->if_output
The address of the output function. Ethernet devices
should set this to @code{ether_output}.
@end table
Once the attach function has set up the above entries it must link the
driver data structure onto the list of devices by
calling @code{if_attach}. Ethernet devices should then
call @code{ether_ifattach}. Both functions take a pointer to the
device's @code{ifnet} structure as their only argument.
The attach function should return a non-zero value to indicate that
the driver has been successfully configured and attached.
@section Write your driver start function.
This function is called each time the network stack wants to start the
transmitter. This occures whenever the network stack adds a packet
to a device's send queue and the @code{IFF_OACTIVE} bit in the
device's @code{if_flags} is not set.
For many devices this function need only set the @code{IFF_OACTIVE} bit in the
@code{if_flags} and send an event to the transmit task
indicating that a packet is in the driver transmit queue.
@section Write your driver initialization function.
This function should initialize the device, attach to interrupt handler,
and start the driver transmit and receive tasks. The function
@example
rtems_id
rtems_bsdnet_newproc (char *name,
int stacksize,
void(*entry)(void *),
void *arg);
@end example
should be used to start the driver tasks.
Note that the network stack may call the driver initialization function more
than once.
Make sure you don't start multiple versions of the receive and transmit tasks.
@section Write your driver transmit task.
This task is reponsible for removing packets from the driver send queue and sending them to the device. The task should block waiting for an event from the
driver start function indicating that packets are waiting to be transmitted.
When the transmit task has drained the driver send queue the task should clear
the @code{IFF_OACTIVE} bit in @code{if_flags} and block until another outgoing
packet is queued.
@section Write your driver receive task.
This task should block until a packet arrives from the device. If the
device is an Ethernet interface the function @code{ether_input} should be called
to forward the packet to the network stack. The arguments to @code{ether_input}
are a pointer to the interface data structure, a pointer to the ethernet
header and a pointer to an mbuf containing the packet itself.
@section Write your driver interrupt handler.
A typical interrupt handler will do nothing more than the hardware
manipulation required to acknowledge the interrupt and send an RTEMS event
to wake up the driver receive or transmit task waiting for the event.
Network interface interrupt handlers must not make any calls to other
network routines.
@section Write your driver ioctl function.
This function handles ioctl requests directed at the device. The ioctl
commands which must be handled are:
@table @code
@item SIOCGIFADDR
@item SIOCSIFADDR
If the device is an Ethernet interface these
commands should be passed on to @code{ether_ioctl}.
@item SIOCSIFFLAGS
This command should be used to start or stop the device,
depending on the state of the interface @code{IFF_UP} and
@code{IFF_RUNNING} bits in @code{if_flags}:
@table @code
@item IFF_RUNNING
Stop the device.
@item IFF_UP
Start the device.
@item IFF_UP|IFF_RUNNING
Stop then start the device.
@item 0
Do nothing.
@end table
@end table
@section Write Your Driver Statistic-Printing Function
This function should print the values of any statistic/diagnostic
counters your driver may use. The driver ioctl function should call
the statistic-printing function when the ioctl command is
@code{SIO_RTEMS_SHOW_STATS}.